API / Belt

Belt

The ReScript standard library.

Belt is currently mostly covering collection types. It has no string or date functions yet, although Belt.String is in the works. In the meantime, use Js.String for string functions and Js.Date for date functions.

Motivation

Belt provides:

The highest quality immutable data structures in JavaScript.
Safety by default: A Belt function will never throw exceptions, unless it is indicated explicitly in the function name (suffix "Exn").
Better performance and smaller code size running on the JS platform.
Ready for Tree Shaking.

Usage

To use modules from Belt, either refer to them by their fully qualified name (Belt.List, Belt.Array etc.) or open the Belt module by putting

RES
open Belt

at the top of your source files. After opening Belt this way, Array will refer to Belt.Array, List will refer to Belt.List etc. in the subsequent code.

If you want to open Belt globally for all files in your project instead, you can put

JSON
  "bsc-flags": ["-open Belt"],

into your bsconfig.json.

Note: this is the only open we encourage.

Example usage:

RES
let someNumbers = [1, 1, 4, 2, 3, 6, 3, 4, 2]

let greaterThan2UniqueAndSorted =
  someNumbers
  ->Belt.Array.keep(x => x > 2)
  // convert to and from set to make values unique
  ->Belt.Set.Int.fromArray
  ->Belt.Set.Int.toArray // output is already sorted

Js.log2("result", greaterThan2UniqueAndSorted)

Curried vs. Uncurried Callbacks

For functions taking a callback parameter, there are usually two versions available:

curried (no suffix)
uncurried (suffixed with U)

E.g.:

RES
let forEach: (t<'a>, 'a => unit) => unit

let forEachU: (t<'a>, (. 'a) => unit) => unit

The uncurried version will be faster in some cases, but for simplicity we recommend to stick with the curried version unless you need the extra performance.

The two versions can be invoked as follows:


["a", "b", "c"]->Belt.Array.forEach(x => Js.log(x))

["a", "b", "c"]->Belt.Array.forEachU((. x) => Js.log(x))

Specialized Collections

For collections types like set or map, Belt provides both a generic module as well as specialized, more efficient implementations for string and int keys.

For example, Belt has the following set modules:

Implementation Details

Array access runtime safety

One common confusion comes from the way Belt handles array access. It differs from than the default standard library's.

RES
let letters = ["a", "b", "c"]
let a = letters[0] // a == "a"
let capitalA = Js.String.toUpperCase(a)
let k = letters[10] // Raises an exception! The 10th index doesn't exist.

Because Belt avoids exceptions and returns options instead, this code behaves differently:

RES
open Belt
let letters = ["a", "b", "c"]
let a = letters[0] // a == Some("a")
let captialA = Js.String.toUpperCase(a) // Type error! This code will not compile.
let k = letters[10] // k == None

Although we've fixed the problem where k raises an exception, we now have a type error when trying to capitalize a. There are a few things going on here:

Reason transforms array index access to the function Array.get. So letters[0] is the same as Array.get(letters, 0).
The compiler uses whichever Array module is in scope. If you open Belt, then it uses Belt.Array.
Belt.Array.get returns values wrapped in options, so letters[0] == Some("a").

Fortunately, this is easy to fix:

RES
open Belt
let letters = ["a", "b", "c"]
let a = letters[0]

// Use a switch statement:
let capitalA =
  switch a {
  | Some(a) => Some(Js.String.toUpperCase(a))
  | None => None
  }

let k = letters[10] // k == None

With that little bit of tweaking, our code now compiles successfully and is 100% free of runtime errors!

A Special Encoding for Collection Safety

When we create a collection library for a custom data type we need a way to provide a comparator function. Take Set for example, suppose its element type is a pair of ints, it needs a custom compare function that takes two tuples and returns their order. The Set could not just be typed as Set.t (int * int) , its customized compare function needs to manifest itself in the signature, otherwise, if the user creates another customized compare function, the two collection could mix which would result in runtime error.

We use a phantom type to solve the problem:

RES
module Comparable1 =
  Belt.Id.MakeComparable(
    {
      type t = (int, int)
      let cmp = ((a0, a1), (b0, b1)) =>
        switch Pervasives.compare(a0, b0) {
        | 0 => Pervasives.compare(a1, b1)
        | c => c
        }
    }
  )

let mySet1 = Belt.Set.make(~id=module(Comparable1))

module Comparable2 =
  Belt.Id.MakeComparable(
    {
      type t = (int, int)
      let cmp = ((a0, a1), (b0, b1)) =>
        switch Pervasives.compare(a0, b0) {
        | 0 => Pervasives.compare(a1, b1)
        | c => c
        }
    }
  )

let mySet2 = Belt.Set.make(~id=module(Comparable2))

Here, the compiler would infer mySet1 and mySet2 having different type, so e.g. a merge operation that tries to merge these two sets will correctly fail.

RES
let mySet1: t<(int, int), Comparable1.identity>
let mySet2: t<(int, int), Comparable2.identity>

Comparable1.identity and Comparable2.identity are not the same using our encoding scheme.